{"id":9738,"date":"2020-06-16T13:06:17","date_gmt":"2020-06-16T10:06:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.masharif.com\/ar\/?p=9738"},"modified":"2022-07-30T23:55:32","modified_gmt":"2022-07-30T20:55:32","slug":"%d9%88%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%91%d8%af%d9%88%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a7-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.masharif.com\/ar\/2020\/06\/16\/%d9%88%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%91%d8%af%d9%88%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%91%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%81-%d8%a7-3\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0627\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u06292001 4) \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 : \u062d\u0645\u0651\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"
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 <\/p>\n

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1 – 1 : \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1 – 2 :\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629” \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1896 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 .<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0632\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0631 (1865-1917) \u060c\u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0645: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a (\u0633\u0646\u06291899) \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0634 (1910- 1919 ) \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a (1920).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 : \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (1907) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 (1905) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (1907).<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 ” \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 ” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a (1850-1935) : \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1850 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u06291881.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1890 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629”. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0637\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062c (7 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1911 ).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0631\u0629 ” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1935\u0625\u0630 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1959 \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1904 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649” \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 ( 1875- 1958 ) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c  \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0631\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629  1912 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

1 -3 :\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1906 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0629 (1876-1918) .\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645 7 \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0631\u064a 1907 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0641\u064a\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062c (7 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1911) \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1912)\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a : \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629  \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0645 : \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0644\u064a .<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0623 – \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062a\u064a (1880-1966): <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1880. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1902. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a” \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u064a\u0648\u0645 12 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1912 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0628 – \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0634 (1873-1947):<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1873. \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062b \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1910 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1919 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1905\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1908. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062c- \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a (1876-1944):<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1876\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1830. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1895 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0637\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0633 \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1902 \u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0641\u0631\u063a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0638  \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d. \u0641\u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 23 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1904 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u06291907 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a”. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 13 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u06331912\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u060c \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1914 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u062f- \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0644\u064a (1885-1983): <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0641\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1881. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1884 \u0623\u0648 1885. \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1907. \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a”. \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1908. \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 “\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629”. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1912 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

3- \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1920. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1921 \u0642\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0651\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a- \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645 : \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a (\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0647 – \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a( 1899-1983):<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1899 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1830. \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1914\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u0632\u062c\u0651 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1914. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1920. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1921. \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 1925\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0648- \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a: <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1917 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0647. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062d\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1920 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u063a \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 1920 \u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0636. \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629”. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a 1921\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0628 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0632- \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649( 1885-1965): <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1885 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1911 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631”  \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0628\u062a  \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062c. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1920. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0637\u0651\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0651\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649”\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0627\u0651\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1921 .<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0634 ( 1886-1965) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0627\u0646\u060c (1888-1973) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u0621 (\u062c\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0651\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0647\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641. \u0641\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1923 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0636\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0649. \u0641\u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1925.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2-   \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u064a ( 1905-1939):<\/strong><\/p>\n

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